The Greek and Roman Civilisations

The Greek and Roman Civilisations Civilization: this word comes from the Latin word civilis meaning civil or a society in an advanced state of social, cultural and material development. It is also related to the Latin civis meaning citizen. civitas meaning city or city states. Among the Middle ages empires were the Byzantium empire which came about after the Roman empire fell to invading Barbarians and complex internal pressures It was the eastern part of the Roman empire which came about in 395 AD and had Constantinople as capital. The mighty empires disintegrated into many warring states mainly over borders and it was in a quest for restoring their lost glory. This brought about a lot of uncertainty and plunged Europe in what was labeled a dark age yet Byzantium remained (Hemingway and Hemingway par 7). It had a stable economy which was catered for the army, ample food supply advanced civil engineering and high standard of living. There was high literacy level dominant among the Greek and Latins. The penal system was so harsh as viewed by the Western crusaders and had no element of justice in it. The middle ages preserved an ancient knowledge upon which art, architecture, literature and technological achievements ( Spielvogel, 82) Civilization in the near This included the Babylonian Empire(Iraq) , Hitteastite Empire and Neo-Assyrian empire. Babylonian empire emerged in 1696-1654 BC created from an Akkadian empire. Neo-Hittite empires rose following the collapse of the Hittite empire about 1180BCand lasted to 700 BC. This empire collapsed due to the decline of eastern Mediterranean trade networks resulting to most cities of the Bronze. It was associated with the invasion of the sea peoples. Neo-Assyrian empire The capital was Assure and later Nineveh. In 934BC-608BC Assyria assumed a position of the most powerful country on earth. It was the first real empire in human history. It was later joined by Babylon, Medes and Scythnians in a coalition. Despite the empire being destroyed its culture influenced the succeeding empires. Both the Greek and the Romans had their ups and downs in their quest for civilization which did not prove as easy to attain as earlier thought. Both the civilizations had almost analogous routes of creation conquering and destruction and because of poor application methods that the said civilizations /empires formed. The Greek and Romans formed City-states the Greek one was based on tribes and ethnicity which saw the very first of the political association(penny 95). The Romans however brought together various different ethnic groups among them the Italians. They developed procedures of public politicking and legal states. The Romans began extending their citizenship by virtue of conquering. The Romans had military prowess and their organization in the political, legal and full conquer age of the empire. Their man intent was not on the creation of empires but self protection from their neighbors. The Roman empire lasted long and was based on the aspect of a sense of identity. The Romans had more of a civilized sense of democracy and all aspects associated to it such constitutions, citizenship, equity human rights adherence and protection and very high profiled intelligence. The Greek city-states were unified by force and the attack and ethnicity. And was ruled on the aspect of its wealth. The merge of the Romans and the Greeks led to republics each with imported skill in architecture and high aspect of good architecture, medicine and various traditions. The Greeks were not as advanced in the Romans in the engineering sector and so they borrowed a number of aspects such as food storage. Similarities of all the civilizations Began as a break away province or region from the main empires. e.g. Neo-Hittite from Hittite and Byzantium from the Roman empire. Did not have fixed boundaries as they always fought to expand and neighbors or invaders to encroach. They all registered serous internal conflicts which in most cases led to the collapse . They became strong through trade or tributes from the subjugated empires or provinces Had strong armies at the time of the rise e.g. .the Roman and the neo-Assyrian empires. They thrived on trade networks or a broad base of tribute collection e.g. roman ,neo- Hittite and the neo-Assyrian (Hodges, 62). Had high literacy levels e.g. Roman and the Greek empires. Had good supply of food either grown or paid in form of tributes. Were weakened by presence of weak leaders and strengthened by strong leaders and well organized systems e.g. Tiglath -Pileser III of neo-Assyrianwas quite strong and the empire rose tremendously. All had very harsh rules especially concerning foreigners Had fortresses due to frequent attacks. Had common religion in all provinces of an empire which helped unite the subjects Preserved their knowledge, culture and art and the same continued to influence the succeeding dynasties (MacMullen, 78) e.g. the Greek, Roman and the neo-Assyrian. Differences The Roman empire collapsed due to its vast size making administration difficult. On the other hand the neo-Hittite collapsed due to decline in trade networks of the Eastern Mediterranean. The Greek collapsed due to rebellion from the subjugated citizens .On the other hand the Romans upheld human rights. The Greeks had a unique way of uniting their subjects through sports which has remained to date as part of their legacy.

What are the greatest challenges facing planet Earth in the 21st Century?

Throughout the 21st century it is easy to see that more and more challenges confront the Planet. It would be difficult to say which is the most important or serious as each concerns a different part of the world. It is clear that the planet is changing and it is happening at alarming rate. People around the world are suffering from Poverty and malnutrition while others fear about the demand for natural resources and how much time we have before they run out. Population growth is a huge matter in countries such as China and India where as in Australia depletion of the ozone layer is a big worry. However, we have been aware of the most of these problems for a while and for me the biggest challenge to face the earth yet is climate change. A big cause of climate change is global warming from greenhouse gases and carbon emissions. Human impact is causing more greenhouse gases to be produced by burning fossil fuels and deforestation and this is causing them to get trapped in the Earths atmosphere making the temperature rise. It is now a fact that the world is getting hotter and Earth is the hottest it has been in at least 400 years, and possibly even the last 2,000 years. Studies show that the global surface temperature has increased by approximately 0.3-0.6à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C over the last century. This may seem like a small difference but it has big consequences. These temperatures will continue to increase and by the end of the 21st century average global temperatures may increase by 1.4-5.8à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. Besides resulting in more hot days, many scientists believe an increase in temperatures may lead to changes in precipitation and weather patterns. Ocean waters will become warmer and this may result in more intense and frequent tropical storms and hurricanes. The number of Category 4 and 5 hurricanes has almost doubled in the last 30 years and will continue to increase with global warming this will not only cause catastrophe for human population but also to the unchangeable fragile environment. Sea levels are also expected to increase by 0.09 – 0.88 m in the next century, mainly from melting glaciers and rising seawaters. You can read also Waves Most of the world's population lives on or near the coasts. Global sea levels could rise by more than 20 feet with the loss of shelf ice in Greenland and Antarctica, devastating coastal areas worldwide. If the polar ice cap were to melt then sea levels world wide would increase by 20ft, Shanghai home to 40 million people would be underwater, the Bay of Bengal, Calcutta, India home to 60 million people would be completely gone. Think of the impact of a few hundred refugees and then imagine 100 million the planet will be destroyed if something is not done. Global warming may also affect wildlife and species that cannot survive in warmer environments and these may become extinct. At least 279 species of plants and animals are already responding to global warming, moving closer to the poles. Coral Reefs are suffering from coral bleaching the process caused by loss of algae that colour and nourish them. Also, human health is also at stake, as global warming may result in the spreading of certain diseases such as malaria, the flooding of major cities, a greater risk of heat stroke for individuals, and poor air quality. India's worst heat wave in 50 years killed more than 2,500 people in May 1998. Britain in 2006 suffered from major heat waves throughout the summer, 1 year later floods have swept all over the country. All challenges that face the planet interlink with each other and relate to one another. Rapid population growth is not only a challenge to other humans but also to the environment. As the population increases there is more demand for food and this is also a problem with global warming. There will be more droughts making it hard to grow crops and importing from other countries will start to become more expensive. Some policies have been introduced in the past to try and control the population such as Chinas one child policy. However, such policies have not been accepted by other nations as they seem to breech human rights. Other nations such as Singapore now suffering from an ageing population are trying to increase their population which is not helping the population crisis. Cities are growing larger and larger the natural land around them is being turned into homes and office buildings. Cities are becoming more and more overcrowded and job opportunities are harder to find with a rising number of the population becoming unemployed. The Economic trend from 1975 to 2003 showed that from 1979 to 1989 the average Unemployment rate was 4.7%; 1990 to 2000 the average unemployment rate was 5.1% reaching 5.5% between the period 2000 and 2007 therefore the rate of unemployment is increasing gradually, this will continue increase will the population growing and will cause many problems. With urbanisation occurring it is using more and more lumber and other natural resources for the buildings. The environment is being scarred and this is also increasing global warming. Deforestation is not the only problem but as the population increasing the demand for energy is rising. Natural Resources are quickly disappearing. All over the world we are digging up to try and find Coal, oil and gas and we are using our resources at alarming rates. The burning of fossil fuels in factories to make products and power, and the fuels used by trucks, automobiles and jet planes have caused acid rain and a great increase in carbon dioxide and pollution in the atmosphere. However, with natural resources running out there could be a positive outcome. Scientist are trying hard to develop new ways to use clean energy sources which come renewable energy sources that are better for the environment such a solar and hydroelectric. About 25,000 people die every day of hunger or hunger-related causes, according to the United Nations. This is one person every three and a half seconds or a 2004 Asian Tsunami occurring almost every week. Yet there is plenty of food in the world for everyone. The problem is that hungry people are trapped in severe poverty. Part of poverty is caused by lack of social services. Education and heath services are nearly non existent in poverty stricken nations which causes much of the problem. This leads to diseases such as Phenomena, Malaria or Tuberculosis, 2 of these diseases are highly contagious and with help could be put under control but instead have millions of people die each year. Poverty however, it is not the individuals fault. They are not lazy or have made poor decisions but instead there country is most likely been exploited by MEDCs or TNCs or they have a corrupt government. Transnational corporations are globalizing mainly in poorer countries as it is better for them. The laws on the environment and labor are less stringent meaning they are able to bypass certain rules, however this leads to labor exploitation. Countries that suffer from poverty is also because they have a lack of natural resources they have nothing to offer companies to locate to there country. The don't have oil like the America or farmland like Australia. The physical environment could be very much a desert like Mali or Sudan; it could be land locked like Laos which means that it is hard for things such as trading to take place. In Australia one of their biggest concerns is the depeletion of the ozone layer. It is caused by a build up of man-made chemicals in the atmosphere. One of the main chemicals is generally known as CFC or chloroflurocarbon. We use CFC's as refrigerants, aerosol spray propellants, as solvents in electronic chemistry, and in the expansion of polystyrene foam. This CFC's drift into the atmosphere and release chlorine. Through these reactions the ozone is broken down. This affects both the humans and the eco systems. Even minor problems of ozone depletion can have major effects. Every time even a small amount of the ozone layer is lost, more ultraviolet light from the sun can reach the Earth. This leads to damage of the cornea and other aspects of the eye and is a big cause of skin cancer. It also, inhibits growth of certain plants such as rye and wheat and stresses marine ecosystems as high levels of UV kill plankton. In Conclusion, it has been shown that the Planet does not face just one issue but has a number that concern the planet. Global Warming is the challenge that associate with other concerns like ozone depletion and rapid population growth but poverty is a matter that we have been facing to decades now. People are now becoming more and more aware of the issues facing the planet are trying to do something about however a lot more will need to happen if we want to reverse the damage we have done.

Prevention is better than cure Essay

Out of a country’s health budget, a large proportion should be diverted from treatment to spending on health education and preventative measures. The rising costs of health care have become an issue for many countries in the world. To deal with this problem, it is recommended that a big part of the state health budget be used for health education and disease prevention instead of treatment. First of all, many kinds of diseases are preventable and preventing a disease is usually much cheaper than treating it. For example, people could prevent catching a cold if they dress warmly and get good rest when the weather first gets cold in the winter. But many people get sick because they fail to do so and have to spend much more money seeing a doctor. Another case in point is cancer, the leading cause of death in the world. But lung cancer, liver cancer and many other kinds of cancer could all be effectively prevented if people take measures for their health in an early stage. Small t hings such as smoking less or eating more healthy food would have kept millions of families from becoming bankrupt if the patients took measures for early cancer prevention. In addition, health education also plays a key role in improving people’s health. By giving people more information about health, countries could help people understand the importance of disease prevention and ways to achieve it. However, emphasizing on disease prevention is not downplaying the significance of medical treatment. After all, prevention and treatment are just two different means toward the same goal.

The Problem Of Juvenile Delinquency - 3617 Words

Abtract Setting the problem Juvenile delinquency can be closely related to many sociology problems across the United States, America’s youth in the 21st century are more at risk that this present time frame compared to 10-15 year. Delinquency has a close relationship with poverty and low-income houses, however low income does not only influence house but employment and education. Therefore, Research shows juvenile delinquency is an increasing social problem that has many contributing influences caused by poverty conditions, however improving education and implementing effective rehabilitative methods can reduce juvenile delinquency in our society. Juveniles delinquency has been a uprising issues across the United States, many Criminal Justice professionals over the decades over conducted many different experimental test in order to better understand why young American youth fall in the path of crime, however many aspects to better understanding why not only juveniles but also adults choose the paths of delinquency. Many of these aspects can be closely linked in to socialicgoal influences depending on the geographical location in which a person might be associated with. To better understand why social influence and education play a vital role we has first understand the simple concepts of the prevalence of delinquency. 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